Inferno: colour Doppler ultrasound sign of orchitis.

To cite: Artul S, Abu Rahmah Y, Abu Shkara H, et al. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/bcr-2014203613 DESCRIPTION A 19-year-old man presented to emergency department with acute scrotum of the left testis. On physical examination, it was difficult to distinguish clinically between testicular torsion and orchitis. Ultrasound of the scrotum showed normal echo texture of the right testis (figure 1) and enlarged hypoechoic left testis and an oedematous scrotum (figure 2). Doppler ultrasound showed increased, diffused colour of left testis that means increased vascularity and hyperaemia, the so-called Inferno sign (figure 3). The testicle recovered well after antibiotic treatment. Acute scrotum is a urological emergency issue. Colour Doppler ultrasound can differentiate between surgical diseases such as torsion of testes and medical (non-surgical) entity such as orchitis. Inferno sign is a possible Doppler ultrasound sign of infection such as orchitis. Acute scrotum is always a dilemma for the referring clinician and for the radiologist performing ultrasound. Using ultrasound alone without using colour Doppler does not always permit the achievement of a final diagnosis. Grey scale signs such as hypoechogenecity and enlarged testis are not specific, and these two signs alone cannot always differentiate between torsion and orchitis. 2 Inferno sign was first described as a sign of thyroiditis, and has never been described before as a sign of orchitis. However, hypervascularity of the epididymis without hypervascularity of the testes itself could be a sign of torsion. We think that this sign is also a sign of orchitis and must be mentioned when present while evaluating a patient with acute scrotum.